General Background
Bradley, G. V. "Church Autonomy in the Constitutional Order: The End of Church and State?" Louisiana Law Review 49 (1989): 1057-87.
Chaput, C. “Church and State Today: What Belongs to Caesar, and What Doesn't.” Journal of Catholic Legal Studies v. 47 no. 1 (2008): 3-8.
Chopko, Mark E. “Constitutional Protection for Church Autonomy: A Practitioner’s View.” In Church Autonomy: A Comparative Survey, edited by Gerhard Robbers. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2002.
Chopko, Mark E. Freedom to Be a Church: Confronting Challenges to the Right of Church Autonomy. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Law Center, 2005.
Chopko, Mark E. “Constitutional Protection for Church Autonomy: A Practitioner’s View.” In Church Autonomy: A Comparative Survey, edited by Gerhard Robbers. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2002.
Construction and Application of Church Autonomy Doctrine. 123 A.L.R.5th 385.
Dane, Perry. “The Varieties of Religious Autonomy.” In Church Autonomy: A Comparative Survey, edited by Gerhard Robbers. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2002.
Destro, Robert A. “The Politics of Church Autonomy in the USA.” In Legal Position of Churches and Church Autonomy, edited by Hildegard Warnink. Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters, 2001, 187-219.
Durham, W. Cole Jr. “The Right to Religious Autonomy: Comparative Legal Developments.” Paper delivered at the Conference on Law-Religion-Ethics in the North, Reykjavik, Iceland, September 14-18, 2005.
Durham, W. Cole Jr. & Lauren B. Homer. “Russia’s 1997 Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations: An Analytical Appraisal.” Emory International Law Review 12 (1998):101.
Dworkin, Gerald. The Theory and Practice of Autonomy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Gedicks, Frederick Mark. “Towards a Defensible Free Exercise Doctrine.” 69 George Washington Law Review 925 (2000).
Hamilton, M. A. "Church Autonomy is Not a Better Path to "Truth"." Journal of Law and Religion 22(1) (2006): 215-23.
Humphrey, John P. “Political and Related Rights.” In Human Rights in International Law: Legal and Policy Issues, edited by Theodor Meron. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984.
Kauper, P. G. "Church Autonomy and the First Amendment: The Presbyterian Church Case." The Supreme Court Review (1969): 347.
Laycock, Douglas. “The Underlying Unity of Separation and Neutrality.” 46 Emory Law Journal 43 (1997).
Laycock, Douglas, “Towards a General Theory of the Religion Clauses: The Case of Church Labor Relations and the Right to Church Autonomy,” 81 Colum. L. Rev.1373 (1981).
Oaks, Dallin H. “Separation, Accommodation and the Future of Church and State.” 35 DePaul Law Review 1 (1985).
Ombres, R. {Church autonomy}. 7 Ecclesiastical Law Journal 32 (2003): 93-5.
Richardson, James T. Regulating Religion: Case Studies from Around the Globe. Springer, 2004.
Robbers, Gerhard, ed. Church Autonomy: A Comparative Survey. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2002.
Scharffs, B. G. (2004). "The Autonomy of Church and State." Brigham Young University Law Review 4 (2004): 1217-348.
Warnink, Hildegard, ed., Legal Position of Churches and Church Autonomy. Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters, 2001.
Whitehead, John W. Church Autonomy: Freedom of the Church and Its Ministries from State. 1981.
Employment: Right to Hire and Fire
"Sex or Sin: Deference to Church Authority Over Secular Employee's Violation of Religious Doctrine: Madsen v. Erwin {481 N.E.2d 1160 (Mass.)}." University of San Francisco Law Review 20 (1986): 907-25.
Brady, Kathleen A. Religious Organizations and Mandatory Collective Bargaining Under Federal and State Labor Laws: Freedom from and Freedom For. Villanova, Penn.: Villanova School of Law, 2004.
Buzzard, Lynn Robert. Risky Business: Church Hiring and Volunteer Selection: A Legal and Policy Guide. Ann Arbor: J.W. Edwards, 1995.
“Church Labor Relations and the Right to Church Autonomy.” 81 Columbia Law Review 1373.
Church, K. J. "Loss or Denial of Security Clearance: An Employee's Rights." Santa Clara Computer and High Technology Law Journal 4 (1988): 197-228.
Corbin, C. M. "Above the Law? The Constitutionality of the Ministerial Exemption from Antidiscrimination Law." Fordham Law Review 75(4) (2007): 1965-2038.
Eikenberry, S. M. "Thou Shalt Not Sue the Church: Denying Court Access to Ministerial Employees." Indiana Law Journal 74(1) (1998): 269-92.
Lyall, F. "Church Ministers as Employees: Percy v Church of Scotland Board of National Mission." Edinburgh Law Review 10(3) (2006): 446-52.
Stroupe, S. T. r. “Just Wages for Church Employees.” The Jurist 55 (1995): 466-9.
Tuell, Todd J and Stewart Jay. The Application of Employment Laws to Religious Associations: A Return to, 1989.
United States, Congress, Senate. Committee on Finance, Social Security Coverage for Employees of Religious Organizations [microform]: Hearing Before the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, Ninety-Eighth Congress, First Session, on S. 2099, December 14, 1983. Washington: U.S. G.P.O, 1984.
Australia
Blake, G. "Diocesan Autonomy and National Coherence in the Anglican Church of Australia." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 10(1) (2008): 92-6.
Patapan, H. "Church and State in Australia: Towards a New Dialogue." Public Law Review 12(1) (2001): 13-16.
Austria
Art 15 StGG (law on religion).
Plochl, W. M. "Church and State in Austria." The Jurist 12 (1952): 400-16.
R. Potz, Die inneren Angelegenheiten der anerkannten Kirchen und Religionsgesellschaften als Problem der Grundrechsinterpretation, in: P. Leisching/F. Pototschnig/R. Potz (ed.), Ex Aequo et Bono, In Honorem Willibald Plöchl (70), Innsbruch 1977. Gampl’s theory, I. Gample, Österricheichisches Staatskirchenrecht, Wien-New York 1972, 171-174.
Canada
Huscroft, G. "Canadian and New Zealand Perspectives on the Separation of Church and State." Brandeis Law Journal 41(3) (2003): 507-20.
Menendez, A. J. Church and state in Canada. Prometheus Books, 1996.
Cohen v. Congregation of Hazen Ave. Synagogue (1920, nisi prius) 47 New Br 400.
Dunnet v. Forneri (1877, Ont nisi prius) 25 Grant Ch 199.
Heinrichs v. Wiens (1915, Sask nisi prius) 32 West LR 30, 21 DLR 68.
Otis v. James, 1922 WL 19677 (Ont. H.C. 1922).
Patillo v. Cummings, 1915 WL 16587 (N.S. T.D. 1915).
Pinke v. Bornhold (1904, nisi prius) 8 Ont L 575.
Toews v. Isaac, 39 Manitoba L 436, [1931] 2 DLR 819.
Ukrainian Greek Orthodox Church v. Trustees of U. G. O. Cathedral, 47 Manitoba L 64, [1939] 2 DLR 494—CA.
Wodell v. Potter, 64 Ont L 484, [1930] 1 DLR 726.
Zawidoski v. Ruthenian Greek Catholic Parish (Manitoba nisi prius) [1937] 2 DLR 509.
Europe
Dijk, Pieter van. Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights. Kluwer Law International, 1998.
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, art. 9(2).
Evans, C. Freedom of religion under the European Convention on Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2001.
Harte, D. "Churches and Religious Communities in the European States." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 6(31) (2002): 401-2.
Nowak, Manfred. U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, CCPR Commentary. Kehl/Strasbourg/Arlington: N.P. Engel, 1993.
Ovey, Clare and Robin White and Jacobs White. The European Convention on Human Rights. Oxford Press.
Partsch, Karl Josef. “Freedom of Conscience and Expression, and Political Freedoms.” In The International Bill of Rights: The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, edited Louis Henkin. New York: Columbia University Press, 1981.
Renáta Uitz and Council of Europe. Freedom of Religion in European Constitutional and International Case Law. Council of Europe, 2007.
Robbers, Gerhard (ed.). State and Church in the European Union. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 2005.
The Universal Declaration (article 18) and Major Regional Treaties (ECHR, art. 9[1]; ACHR, art 12[1]).
Agga v. Greece, ECtHR, App. Nos. 50776/99 and 52912/99, Decision of 17 Jan. 2003.
Canea Catholic Church v. Greece, 27 EHRR 521 (1999) (ECtHR, App. No. 25528/94, 16 December 1997).
Cha’are Shalom ve Tsedek v. France, 27417/95 (Europ. Ct. Human Rts. June 27, 2000).
Dunnet v. Forneri (1877), Ont nisi prius, 25 Grant Ch 199.
Freedom and Democracy Party (ÖZDEP) v. Turkey (ECtHR, App. No. 23885/94, 8 December 1999).
Hasan and Chaush v. Bulgaria (ECtHR, App. No. 30985/96, 26 October 2000).
Kokkinakis v. Greece, 14307/88 (Europ. Ct. Human Rts. May 25, 1993).
Manoussakis v. Greece, 18748/91 (European Ct. Human Rts. Sept. 26, 1996).
Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia v. Moldova (ECtHR, App. No. 45701/99, 13 December 2001).
Serif v. Greece (ECtHR, App. No. 38178/97, 14 Dec. 1999).
Sidiropoulos & Others v. Greece (ECtHR, 10 July 1998).
United Communist Party of Turkey v. Turkey (ECtHR, App. No. 19392/92, 30 January 1998).
Germany
Dürig, Günter. Die Menschenauffassung des Grndgesetzes. Juristische Rundschau No. 7, 260. Walter de Gruyter & Co. 1952.
Geiger, Willi. Die Rechtsprechung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts zum kirchlichen Selbstbestimmungsrecht. ZevKR 26, 1981.
Heckel, Marin. Die Kirchen unter dem Grundgesetz. VVDStRL 26 (1968): 48. Mangoldt/Klein/v. Campenhausen (Note 1), Art. 140 GG i. V. m. Art. 137 III WRV, No. 30
Hesse, Konrad, Das Selbstbestimmungsrecht der Kirchen and Religionsgemeinschaften, HdbStKirchR I.
Hollerbach, Alexander. Grundlagen des Staatskirchenrechts, HStR VI, 138, No. 114-123; v/ <amgp;dt/Klein/v. Campenhausen, Das Bonner Grundgesetz. Kommentar, Vol. 14, Munchen 1991, Art. 140 GG i. V. m. Art. 137 III WRV, No. 25 ff., 123 ff. Hollerbach, Grundlagen (Note 1), No. 116; Paul Mikat, Kirche und Staat, in: StLgg, vol. 3, col. 495.
Jurina, Josef. Der Rechtsstatus der Kirchen and Religionsgemeinschaften im Bereich ihrer eigenen Angelegenheiten, 1972.
Kommers, Donald P. The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany 22, Duke University Press, 1997.
Mangoldt, von et al., 14 Das Bonner Grundgesetz Kommentar, Rdn. 75. München: 3d. rev. ed. 1991.
Mikat, Paul. Kirchen and Religionsgemeinschaften, in: Bettermann-Nipperdey-Scheuner (ed.), Die Grundrechte IV/1, 1960, p. 111 = Ges. Aufs. 1974 I, p.29 (89 ff.)
Scheuner, Ulrich. Begründung, Gestaltung und Grenzen kirchlicher Autonomie, in: FS Füllkrug, p. 1 ff.
Vand. J. Transnat’l L. 1127, Part IV (Nov. 1998).
Weber, Hermann. Die Religionsgemeinschaften als Korperschaften des offentlichen Rechts im System des Grundgesetzes, 1966.
Wuerth, Ingrid Brunk. Private Religious Choice in German and American Constitutional Law: Government Funding and Government Religious Speech, 31.
41 BverfGE 29, 64 (1975).
BVerfGE 18, 385 (386); 19, 1 (5); 19, 129 (132 ff.); 42, 312 (321 ff.).
BVerfGE 19, 129 (135); decision of 1.9.1980, ZevKR 27 (1982) p. 188 LS 1.
BVerfGE 24, 236 (248); 46, 73; 52, 223.
BVerfGE 30, 415 (428); 18, 385 (386 f.).
BVerfGE 53, 366 (401); 66, 1 (22); 72, 278 (289).
BVerfGE 53, 366 (410); 72, 278 (289) following Konrad Hesse, Das Selbstbestimmungsrecht de Kirchen und Religionsgemeinschaften, HdbStKirchR I, p. 414.
BVerfGE 55, 1 (19); 70, 138 (165).
BVerfGE 57, 220 (243 f.).
BVerfGE 70, 138 (165 ff.).
BverfGE 70, 138/162.
BVerGE 42, 312 (325 f.); 53, 366 (390); 57, 220 (241).
Hungary
Schanda, B. “Constitutional Litigation Concerning Religious Freedom in Hungary.” Interights Bulletin 11 (1997): 125.
Wood, J. “The Budapest International Consultation Religious Liberty, Religious Rights, and Ethnic Identity.” Journal of Church and State 34 (1992): 465-473.
New Zealand
Rishworth, P. "The Religion Clauses of the New Zealand Bill of Rights." New Zealand Law Review 4 (2007): 631-58.
Soukup, A. "Reformulating Church Autonomy: How Employment Division v. Smith Provides a Framework for Fixing the Neutral Principles Approach." The Notre Dame Law Review 82(4) (2007): 1679-726.
Thomas, C. A. and C. Evans. "Church-State Relations in the European Court of Human Rights." Brigham Young University Law Review 3 (2006): 699-725.
Tushnet, M. "Defending a Rule of Institutional Autonomy on "No-Harm" Grounds." Brigham Young University Law Review 4 (2004): 1375-84.
Switzerland
O'Brien, F. W. "Church and State in Switzerland: A Comparative Study." Virginia Law Review 49 (1963): 904.
United Kingdom
Abraham, William Henry. Church and State in England. Longmans, Green, and Co, 1905.
Chase, E. P. "Church and state in England." The American Political Science Review 31: 89-92.
Church of England (Worship and Doctrine) Measure 1974.
Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 1919, section 3(2).
Doe, N. and M. Hill. Comparative Analysis of European and American Laws on Religious Organisations: the United Kingdom Contribution, presented to the First European/American Conference on Religious Freedom at Columbus Law School. Catholic University of America, 24-27 June 1998.
Laws, J. The Impact of the Human Rights Act on Judicial Decision-Making [1998] EHRLR 676-682.
Sex Discrimination Act 1975, 19 and the Race Relations Act 1976 (exemptions afforded to churches and other religious groups).
Smith. The Human Rights Act 1998: The Constitutional Context, a paper delivered at the University of Cambridge at a conference organized by the Centre for Public Law entitled The Human Rights act and the Criminal Justice and Regulatory Process, 9-10 January 1999.
Submission of the Clergy Act 1533, sections 1 and 3, and Synodical Government Measure 1969.
Ahmad v Inner London Education Authority [1978] QB 36.
Birmingham Mosque Trust Limited v Alavi (1992) ICR 435.
Brown v. Cure de Notre Dame of Montreal (1874, Can) LR 6 PC 157.
Coker v. Kiocese of Southward [1998] ICR 140 CA, (1998) 5 Ecc LJ 68.
Esson v United Transport Executive [1975] IRLR 48.
Ivory v The Dean and Chapter of St Paul’s Cathedral (1995) 6 November (unreported) 10316/93/S.
R v Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of Great Britain and the Commonwealth ex parte Wachmann [1992] 1 WLR 1306.
R v Imam of Bury Park Jame Masjid Luton ex parte Sulaiman Ali [1994] COD 142
R v Imam of Bury Park Jame Masjid, Luton, ex parte Sulaiman Ali (1994) COD 142.
R v London Beth Din ex parte Bloom [1998] COD 131. R v Rabbinical Commission ex parte Cohen (1987, unreported). 1974.
R v Rabbinical Commission ex parte Cahen (1987) (unreported).
R v The Dean and Chapter of St Paul’s Cathedral and the Church in Wales ex parte Williamson (1998) 5 Ecc LJ 129, Sedley J.
R v The Provincial Court of the Church in Wales ex parte Williams (1999) 5 Ecc LJ 217, Latham J.
Rex v. Hart (1762, KB) 1 W Bl 386, 96 Eng Reprint 218.
Santokh Singh v Guru Nanak Gurwara [1990] ICR 309 and Guru Nanak Temple v Sharry (1990) EAT 21/12/90 (145/90).
Tyler v United Kingdom (1994) 4 April, ECHR 21283/93
Williamson v Dow (1994) 16 April, Arden J (unreported); Gill v Davies and others (1998) 5 Ecc LJ 131, Smith J.
United States
"Church employment and the First Amendment: the protected employer and the vulnerable employee. Madsen v. Erwin {481 N.E.2d 1160 (Mass.)}." Missouri Law Review 51 (1986): 911-31.
"Constitutional law--free exercise clause permits church to fire homosexual employee--Madsen v. Erwin, 481 N.E.2d 1160 (Mass.)." Suffolk University Law Review 20 (1986): 119-28.
"Presbyterian Church v. Hull Memorial Presbyterian Church (89 Sup Ct 601): Supreme Court pronouncements against a civil court's determination of church doctrine in property disputes." Mississippi Law Journal 42 (1971): 276.
"Serbian Eastern Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich (96 Sup Ct 2372): the continuing crusade for separation of church and state." William and Mary Law Review 18 (1977): 655-76.
Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000cc, et seq. 6[a]
Alicea-Hernandez v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago, 320 F.3d 698 (7th Cir.2003).
Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England, 546 U.S. 320 (2006).
Bessarabian Metropolitan Church v. Moldova, § 119
Bollard v. Soc'y of Jesus, 196 F.3d 940 (9th Cir.1999). Bouldin v. Alexander, 82 U.S. (15 Wall.) 131, 139-40 (1872).
Briscoe v. Williams (1946, Mo App) 192 SW2d 643.
Burgess v. Rock Creek Baptist Church , 734 F. Supp 30 (1990).
Carnes v. Smith, 236 Ga. 30, cert. denied, 429 U.S. 868 (1976).
Cherepski v. Walker, 913 S.W. 2d 761 (Ark. 1996).
City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 507 (1997).
Clapp v. Krug (1929) 232 Ky 303, 22 SW2d 1025.
Combs v. Central Texas Annual Conf. of the United Methodist Church, 173 F.3d 343 (5th Cir.1999). Corporation of the Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. Amos, 483 US 327 (1987).
Crowder v. Southern Baptist Convention, 828 F.2d 718 (11th Cir.1987).
Cummings v. Missouri, 71 U.S. (4 Wall.) 277 (1872).
Dowd v. Society of St. Columbans, 861 F.2d 761 (1st Cir.1988).
EEOC v. Catholic Univ. of Amer., 83 F.3d 455 (D.C.Cir.1996).
EEOC v. Roman Catholic Diocese of Raleigh, 213 F.3d 795 (4th Cir.2000).
Elvig v. Calvin Presbyterian Church, 375 F.3d 951 (9th Cir.2004).
Employment Div., Dep’t of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990).
First Baptist Church v. Ohio, 591 F.Supp. 676 (S.D.Ohio 1983).
Geary v. Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary Parish Sch., 7 F.3d 324 (3d Cir.1993).
Gellington v. Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, 203 F.3d 1299 (11th Cir.2000).
Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao Do Vegetal, 126 S. Ct. 1211 (2006).
Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila, 280 US 1 (1929).
Grunwald v. Bornfreund, 696 F.Supp. 838 (E.D.N.Y.1988).
Hutchison v. Thomas, 789 F.2d 392 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 885, 107 S.Ct. 277, 93 L.Ed.2d 253 (1986).
Hynes v. Lillis, 183 Mo. App. 190, 170 S.W. 396 (1914).
Jones v. Wolf, 443 U.S. 595 (1979).
Kaufmann v. Sheehan, 707 F.2d 355 (8th Cir.1983).
Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral, 344 U.S. 94 (1952).
Kreshik v. St. Nicholas Cathedral, 363 U.S. 190 (1960).
Maryland & Va. Eldership v. Church of God, 396 U.S. 367 (1970).
McClure v. Salvation Army, 460 F.2d 553 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 409 US 896 (1972).
Mead v. Stirling (1893) 62 Conn 586, 27 A 591, 23 LRA 227.
Minker v. Baltimore Annual Conference of United Methodist Church, 894 F.2d 1354 (D.C.Cir.1990).
Murr v. Maxwell (1950) — Mo App —, 232 SW2d 219.
Natal v. Christian & Missionary Alliance, 878 F.2d 1575 (1st Cir.1989).
NLRB v. Catholic Bishop, 440 U.S. 490 (1979).
Nunn v. Black, 506 F.Supp. 444 (W.D.Va.), aff'd,661 F.2d 925 (4th Cir.1981), cert. denied,454 U.S. 1146, 102 S.Ct. 1008, 71 L.Ed.2d 299 (1982).
O’Conner v. Diocese of Honolulu, 885 P.2d 361 (Haw. 1994).
O’Hair v. Andrus, 613. F.2d 931 (D.C.Cit. 1979).
Order of St. Benedict v. Steinhauser, 234 U.S. 640 (1914).
Presbyterian Church v. Eastern Heights Church, 396 U.S. 1041 (1970).
Presbyterian Church v. Mary Elizabeth Blue Hull Mem. Presbyterian Church, 393 U.S. 440 (1969).
Rayburn v. General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, 772 F.2d 1164 (4th Cir. 1985) cert. denied, 478 U.S. 1020.
Scharon v. St. Luke's Episcopal Presbyterian Hosp., 929 F.2d 360 (8th Cir.1991).
Serbian East Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich, 426 U.S. 696 (1976).
Shepard v. Barkley, 247 U.S. 1 (1918).
Starkman v. Evans, 198 F.3d 173 (5th Cir.1999).
Tract Soc'y, 819 F.2d 875 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 926 (1987).
United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005).
United States v. Raines, 362 U.S. 17 (1960).
Watson v. Jones, 80 U.S. 679 (1872).
Werft v. Desert Southwest Annual Conf. of the United Methodist Church, 377 F.3d 1099 (9th Cir.2004).
Young v. Northern Illinois Conf. of United Methodist Church, 21 F.3d 184 (7th Cir.1994).
Australia Const. art. 116.
Azerbaijan Const. art. 18 cl. 1.
Belarus Const. art. 16 cl. 1.
Belgian constitution art.19 (Artikel 19 Gecoördineerde Grondwet).
Bulgaria Const. art. 13 cl. 2.
Cameroon Const. Preamble ¶ 5 cl. 14.
Cameroon Const. Preamble ¶ 5 cl. 14.
Congo-Brazzaville Const. art. 178, cl. 5.
Croatia Const. art. 41 cl. 1.
Czech Republic Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms art. 2(1).
Ethiopia Const. art. 11 cl. 1 and 3.
Ethiopia Const. art. 11 cl. 2.
France Const. art. 1.
Germany Basic Law art. 140, incorporating Weimar Const. art. 137 cl. 1.
Ghana Const. art. 56.
Hungary Const. art. 60 cl. 3.
India Const. Preamble cl. 1.
Ireland Const. art. 44 cl. 2.
Ivory Coast Const. art. 2, Kazakhstan Const. art. 1, Kyrgystan Const. art. 1, cl. 1.
Japan Const. art. 20 clauses 1 and 3.
Kyrgystan Const. art. 8 cl. 3.
Liberia Const. art. 14.
Lithuania Const. art. 43 cl. 7.
Madagascar art. 1 cl. 1.
Mali Const. Preamble, cl. 2.
Mexico Const. art. 130.
Mozambique Const. art. 9 cl. 1.
Namibia Const. art. 1 cl. 1.
Nigeria Const. art. 10
Peru Const. art. 50.
Philippines Const. art. II cl. 6.
Poland Const. art. 25 cl. 3.
Portugal Const. art. 41 cl. 4.
Russia Const. art. 14 cl. 1.
Russia Const. art. 14 cl. 2.
Senegal Const. art. 1.
Slovak Republic Const. art. 1.
Slovenia Const. art. 7 cl. 1.
South Korea Const. art. 20 cl. 2.
South Korea Const. art. 20 cl. 2.
Spain Const. art. 16 cl. 3.
Tajikistan Const. art. 1.
Turkey Const. art. 2.
Turkmenistan Const. art. 1.
Uganda Const. art. 7.